Will my lib or framework work on

(and GraalVM) ?

Peter Palaga

@ppalaga

My main job:

Camel Quarkus

mvnd - the Maven Daemon

https://github.com/mvndaemon/mvnd

Agenda

Quarkus intro
How Quarkus works
- Build time augmentation
- Native compilation with GraalVM
How to write Quarkus extensions

What is Quarkus

~~Framework~~

Build time augmentation

Toolkit

Quarkus itself

Unopinionated

about how you should write your applications

Support for

Programming models

and

Frameworks

delegated to extensions

Why Quarkus?

Container First

💾

Small size on disk

✓

Small container images

Fast boot time

Instant scale up

Low memory footprint

More containers with the same RAM

Dev mode

mvn compile quarkus:dev

Live reload
Dev services (via Testcontainers)
- DBs, Kafka, Mock Mailer, ...
Continuous testing
DevUI
- Swagger UI, GraphQL UI, Health UI

https://quarkus.io/guides/dev-mode-differences#dev-mode-features

Developer 😍

Isolation from GraalVM CLI/SPI
Panache: simplified ORM and JAX-RS
Qute templating engine

Extensions

Standards	Data	3rd party libs/frameworks
Jakarta EE (JPA, CDI, JTA, ...) MicroProfile (Config, Health, Metrics, ...) Spring (via compatibility layers)	Kafka PostgreSQL, MySQL MSSQL, H2 FlyWay, Amazon DynamoDB MongoDB, Neo4j	Netty, Vert.x Camel, Infinispan, Hazelcast ...

Check a more complete list on code.quarkus.io

Ecosystem of organizations

quarkusio/quarkus

Quarkiverse

micrometer-registry, logging-json, cxf, minio, mybatis, apicurio-registry-client, github-api, freemarker, tekton-client, google-cloud-services, ...

How Quarkus works

Augmentation

Do as much as possible at build time:

Analyze the application classes
Record the bootstrap code
Configure the native compiler

AoT¹ native compilation

its goodies and gotchas

¹⁾ Ahead of (run)time

AoT compilation with GraalVM

$ native-image -jar my-app.jar
$ ls -lh
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 ppalaga ppalaga 19M Mar 20 14:39 my-app
$ ./my-app
...
my-app started in <20 ms
$ ps -o rss,command -p $(pgrep my-app)
  PID   RSS COMMAND
11229 12628 ./my-app
#      ⮤ the process memory in kilobytes

The

gotchas

of the AoT compilation

An incomplete list

The

closed world

assumption

All runtime code has to be known at build time

More effective static analysis
Dead code elimination:
classes, fields, methods, branches

Dynaminc Classloading

in a native executable

Deloying jars, wars, etc. at runtime impossible

Reflection

Dynamic proxies

Classpath resources

JNI, Unsafe Memory Access

...

Class initializers

1/3

class MyClass {
    static Foo foo = new MyFoo();

    static Map<String, String> map;
    static {
        System.out.println("Initializing MyFoo class...")
        map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("k1", "v1");
        map.put("k2", "v2");
        ...
    }
}

Class initializers

2/3

At build time:

Resolve classes, run "safe" static initilizers
Take a snapshot of the produced heap
Store it in the executable

Class initializers

3/3

Downsides:

Classes opening file handles, sockets and threads in their initializers need to marked as such

Complex CLI/config

Kept under the hood by Quarkus extensions

$ native-image -jar my-app.jar \
    -H:ReflectionConfigurationFiles=file-with-tens-of-entries.json \
    -H:ResourceConfigurationFiles=maintain-this.json \
    -H:DynamicProxyConfigurationFiles=maintain-this.json \
    -H:JNIConfigurationFiles=maintain-this.json \
    -H:SerializationConfigurationFiles=maintain-this.json \
    --initialize-at-build-time=my-build-time-init-list.json \
    -H:InitialCollectionPolicy=com.oracle.svm.core.genscavenge.CollectionPolicy$BySpaceAndTime \
    -J-Djava.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.parallelism=1 \
    -H:FallbackThreshold=0 \
    -H:+ReportExceptionStackTraces \
    -H:+PrintAnalysisCallTree \
    -H:-AddAllCharsets \
    -H:EnableURLProtocols=http \
    -H:-JNI \
    -H:-UseServiceLoaderFeature \
    -H:+StackTrace \
    --no-server \
    -J-Djava.util.logging.manager=org.jboss.logmanager.LogManager \
    -J-Dio.netty.leakDetection.level=DISABLED \
    -J-Dvertx.logger-delegate-factory-class-name=io.quarkus.vertx.core.runtime.VertxLogDelegateFactory \
    -J-Dsun.nio.ch.maxUpdateArraySize=100 \
    -J-Dio.netty.allocator.maxOrder=1 \
    -J-Dvertx.disableDnsResolver=true

How to write

Quarkus Extensions

Quarkus extension

Unit of Quarkus distribution
- A Maven dep of a user app
Focus on some specific lib/framework/aspect

Two Maven modules

Build time module

my-ext-deployment

 
class MyExtProcessor {
  @BuildStep
  ... buildStep1(...) {...}

  @BuildStep
  ... buildStep2(...) {...}

  ...
}

Runtime module

my-ext

@Recorder
class MyExtRecorder {

  ... runtimeTask1(...) {...}


  ... runtimeTask2(...) {...}

  ...
}

class MyExtProcessor {

  /* BuildSteps typically produce BuildItems */
  @BuildStep
  NameBuildItem nameStep() {
    return new NameBuildItem("Joe");
  }

  /* BuildItems carry some payload */
  final class NameBuildItem extends SimpleBuildItem {
    final String name; /* The payload */
    ...
  }
}

class MyExtProcessor {

  /* BuildSteps may consume BuildItems */
  @BuildStep
  HelloBuildItem helloStep(NameBuildItem nameItem) {
    return new HelloBuildItem("Hello " + nameItem.getName());
  }

  @BuildStep
  NameBuildItem nameStep() {
    return new NameBuildItem("Joe");
  }
  /* helloStep depending on the nameStep
   * determines the execution order */
}

class MyExtProcessor {

  @BuildStep
  void helloStep(
        NameBuildItem nameItem,          /* BuildSteps may consume*/
        GreetingBuildItem greetingItem,  /* multiple BuildItems */
        /* Results can also be published via BuildProducers */
        BuildProducer<HelloBuildItem> helloProducer,
        BuildProducer<FooBuildItem> fooProducer) {

    /* BuildSteps may produce multiple BuildItems */
    helloProducer.produce(
        new HelloBuildItem(
            greetingItem.getGreeting() + " " + nameItem.getName());

    fooProducer.produce(new FooBuildItem());
  }
}

A common `@BuildStep`:

Find classes having some annotation
Register them for reflection

Jandex

A Java annotation indexer
and offline reflection library.

Used by @BuildSteps
to inspect the application code

https://github.com/wildfly/jandex

class JacksonProcessor {
  @BuildStep
  void registerDeserializers(
        CombinedIndexBuildItem combinedIndex, /* Pass the Jandex */
        BuildProducer<ReflectiveClassBuildItem> reflProducer) {

    DotName JSON_DESERIALIZE =
        DotName.createSimple(JsonDeserialize.class.getName());
    for (AnnotationInstance annot    /* Query for the annotations */
        : combinedIndex.getIndex().getAnnotations(JSON_DESERIALIZE)) {
      /* Do some filtering */
      AnnotationTarget annotTarget = annot.target();
      if (CLASS.equals(annotTarget.kind())) {
        DotName dotName = annotTarget.asClass().name();
        Type jandexType = Type.create(dotName, Type.Kind.CLASS);
        /* ... and finally register the type for reflextion */
        reflProducer.produce(new ReflectiveClassBuildItem(jandexType));
}}}}

Code Adapted from the Jackson Extension

More Jandex usecases

Find classes/fields/methods having some annotation
Find classes implementing an interface
Find subclasses of a class
List fields, methods and constructors of a class

Build time module

my-ext-deployment

 
class MyExtProcessor {
  @BuildStep
  ... buildStep1(...) {...}

  @BuildStep
  ... buildStep2(...) {...}

  ...
}

Runtime module

my-ext

@Recorder
class MyExtRecorder {

  ... runtimeTask1(...) {...}


  ... runtimeTask2(...) {...}

  ...
}

class CamelProcessor {
  @Record(ExecutionTime.STATIC_INIT)  /*    @Recorders can be injected  */
  @BuildStep                          /* ⮦ as BuildStep method params  */
  CamelContextBuildItem context(CamelRecorder recorder) {
    RuntimeValue<CamelContext> context = recorder.createContext();
    return new CamelContextBuildItem(context);  /* ⮤ @BuildStep methods */
  }/* ⮤ The RuntimeValue can be dispatched */   /*   can invoke        */
}  /*  to other @BuildSteps via a BuildItem */   /*   @Recorder methods */

@Recorder
public class CamelRecorder {
  public RuntimeValue<CamelContext> createContext() {
           /* ⮤ A handle to pass values between recorders */
    FastCamelContext context = new FastCamelContext();
    return new RuntimeValue<>(context);
}}

Code Adapted from the Apache Camel Quarkus

Extensions may depend on each other

E.g. mp-metrics extension
depends on
camel-quarkus-core

so it can consume the CamelContextBuildItem and adjust the CamelContext as needed

class MpMetricsProcessor {
  @Record(ExecutionTime.STATIC_INIT)
  @BuildStep
  public void configureCamelContext(
        MpMetricsRecorder recorder,
        CamelContextBuildItem ctxItem) {
    recorder.configureCamelContext(ctxItem.getCamelContext());
}}

@Recorder
public class MpMetricsRecorder {
  public void configureCamelContext(RuntimeValue<CamelContext> ctxVal) {
               /* Unwrap the RuntimeValue ⮧ */
    CamelContext camelContext = ctxVal.getValue();
    /* ... and configure it as needed */
    ManagementStrategy strategy = camelContext.getManagementStrategy();
    strategy.addEventNotifier(new MpMetricsCamelContextEventNotifier());
}}

Code Adapted from the Apache Camel Quarkus

Resulting application bootstrap code:

class GeneratedMain { /* bytecode in reality, pseudocode here */
  static { /* Chunks recorded with @Record(ExecutionTime.STATIC_INIT) */
    CamelRecorder camelRecorder = new CamelRecorder();
    RuntimeValue<CamelContext> val1 = camelRecorder.createContext();
    /* The order of the calls is given by
     * the dependencies between the @BuildSteps */
    MpMetricsRecorder mpMetricsRecorder = new MpMetricsRecorder();
    mpMetricsRecorder.configureCamelContext(val1);
  }

  public static main(String[] args) {
    /* Chunks recorded with @Record(ExecutionTime.RUNTIME_INIT) */
    new VertxRecorder().openSocket(); /* can't do this in static init */
}}

Mostly used `BuildItems`

ReflectiveClassBuildItem
register classes for reflection in the native mode
AdditionalBeanBuildItem, BeanDefiningAnnotationBuildItem
bean classes the CDI container should analyze
ExtensionSslNativeSupportBuildItem
turn on SSL in the native mode
CombinedIndexBuildItem, ApplicationIndexBuildItem
offline reflection and annotation index (Jandex)
NativeImageResourceBuildItem
src/main/resources and resources from JARs not included by default in the native image

List of BuildItems provided by Quarkus

Extension configuration

Extensions may expose their configuration through annotated POJOs
These may come in three flavors:
- BUILD_TIME
- BUILD_AND_RUN_TIME_FIXED
- RUN_TIME

@ConfigRoot(name = "camel", phase = ConfigPhase.BUILD_AND_RUN_TIME_FIXED)
public class CamelConfig {

    @ConfigItem
    public MainConfig main;

    @ConfigGroup
    public static class MainConfig {
        @ConfigItem(defaultValue = "true")
        public boolean enabled;
        /* This option can be set in application.properties via
         *
         *   camel.main.enabled = true
         *
         */
    }
}

Code Adapted from the Apache Camel Quarkus

Config in `@BuildSteps`

class CamelProcessor {
  @BuildStep
  ... discoverRoutesBuilderClassNames(CamelConfig config, ...) {
    if (config.main.enabled) {
        /* Do something */
    }
  }
}

Code Adapted from the Apache Camel Quarkus

Config in `@Recorders`

@Recorder
public class MyRecorder {
  void record(CamelConfig camelConfig) {

    if (camelConfig.main.enabled) {
      /* Do something */
    }

    /* Same effect using
     * org.eclipse.microprofile.config.ConfigProvider */
    if (ConfigProvider.getConfig()
        .getValue("camel.main.enabled", Boolean.class)) {
      /* Do something */
    }
}}

Code Adapted from the Apache Camel Quarkus

Substitutions

Provided by GraalVM
For replacing classes in the native image

Substitutions usecases

Last resort for fixing third party code
- E.g. avoid opening a socket, starting a Thread, etc. in a static initializer
Cut off uneeded code (and its dependencies)
- E.g. parsing an XML config that is not supported on Quarkus

A substitution example

(1/2)

/* The original class (simplified) */
package com.mysql.cj.jdbc;
public class AbandonedConnectionCleanupThread implements Runnable {
  private static final ExecutorService cleanupThreadExcecutorService;
  private static Thread threadRef = null;

  static {
    cleanupThreadExcecutorService =
        Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(r -> { ... });
    /* GraalVM does not like threads being started in a static block */
    cleanupThreadExcecutorService.execute(
        new AbandonedConnectionCleanupThread());
  }
  ...
}

Code Adapted from the MySQL JDBC driver

A substitution example

(2/2)

@Substitute /* The substitution class */
@TargetClass(AbandonedConnectionCleanupThread.class)
final public class AbandonedConnectionCleanupThread_disable {

  /* No static initializer here */

  @Substitute
  protected static void trackConnection(
      MysqlConnection conn, NetworkResources io) {
      /* A no-op method */
  }
}

Code Adapted from the MySQL JDBC extension

Further topics

Bytecode generation with Gizmo
DEV UI
Testing

Writing extensions

Wrap up

Shrink and speedup the app
- Inspect the app code (annotations, interfaces, config files ...) at build time
- Bootstrap and configure the app via @Recorder methods
Make the native compiler happy
- Register reflection, proxies, JNI, ...
- Resources to include in the native image
- Substitutions

Useful Links

Guide for Quarkus extension authors: quarkus.io/guides/writing-extensions
Chat: quarkusio.zulipchat.com
Mailing list: groups.google.com/d/forum/quarkus-dev

My main job:

Agenda

What is Quarkus

Toolkit

Unopinionated

Programming models

Frameworks

Why Quarkus?

Container First

Dev mode

Developer 😍

Extensions

Ecosystem of organizations

How Quarkus works

Augmentation

AoT1 native compilation

its goodies and gotchas

AoT compilation with GraalVM

The

gotchas

of the AoT compilation

The

closed world

assumption

Dynaminc Classloading

Class initializers

Class initializers

Class initializers

Complex CLI/config

How to write

Quarkus Extensions

Quarkus extension

Two Maven modules

A common @BuildStep:

Jandex

More Jandex usecases

Extensions may depend on each other

Mostly used BuildItems

Extension configuration

Config in @BuildSteps

Config in @Recorders

Substitutions

Substitutions usecases

A substitution example

A substitution example

Further topics

Wrap up

Useful Links

AoT¹ native compilation

A common `@BuildStep`:

Mostly used `BuildItems`

Config in `@BuildSteps`

Config in `@Recorders`